This lesson focuses on the different uses of dams and how they are engineered. Students work in teams to develop a system of damming water in a trough. The system must completely hold back the water and also have a way of executing a controlled release.
- Learn about dams.
- Learn about engineering design and redesign.
- Learn how engineering can help solve society’s challenges.
- Learn about teamwork and problem solving.
Age Levels: 8-18
Lesson Plan Presentation
Materials & Preparation
Build Materials (For each team)
Required Materials
- Water trough or long plastic planter box
- Gravel or sand (for “river” base)
- Water
Optional (Table of Possibilities)
- Cardboard
- PVC pipes
- Tape
- Foil
- Plastic wrap
- Cups
- Straws
- Paper
- Clips, wooden dowels, cotton balls, plastic sheets, clothes pins, wire, string, screen, fabric, springs, other readily available materials.
Testing Materials
- Use water trough or long plastic planter box from the “build” materials
- Water
Testing Materials & Process
Materials
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- Use water trough or long plastic planter box from the “build” materials
- Water
Process
Test each dam system design by operating the system and looking to see if any water escapes through the dam. Also see if you are able to stop – start – and stop the flow. Be sure to watch as the dams made by other teams are tested so you can evaluate their designs.
Engineering Design Challenge
Design Challenge
You are part of a team of engineers working together to design and build a system to dam up 5 liters of water in a classroom trough. The system must completely hold back the water and it must have a way of executing a controlled release (releasing a little, stopping it, and releasing again).
Criteria
-
System must completely hold back the water
-
System must have a way of executing a controlled release (releasing a little, stopping it, and releasing again)
Constraints
-
Use only the materials provided
-
Activity Instructions & Procedures
- Break class into teams of 2-4.
- Hand out the Applying Technology to Solve Problems worksheet, as well as some sheets of paper for sketching designs.
- Discuss the topics in the Background Concepts Section. Share the information from the PBS Building Big – All about Dams website http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/dam/index.html and discuss.
- Review the Engineering Design Process, Design Challenge, Criteria, Constraints and Materials.
- Instruct students to start brainstorming and sketching their designs.
- Provide each team with their materials.
- Explain that students must develop a system to dam up 5 liters of water in a classroom trough. The system must completely hold back the water and it must have a way of executing a controlled release (releasing a little, stopping it, and releasing again).
- Announce the amount of time they have to design and build (1 hour recommended).
- Use a timer or an on-line stopwatch (count down feature) to ensure you keep on time. (www.online-stopwatch.com/full-screen-stopwatch). Give students regular “time checks” so they stay on task. If they are struggling, ask questions that will lead them to a solution quicker.
- Students meet and develop a plan for their dam system. They agree on materials they will need, write/draw their plan, and present their plan to the class. Teams may trade unlimited materials with other teams to develop their ideal parts list.
- Teams build their designs.
- Test the dam system designs by operating each system and looking to see if any water escapes through the dam. Also see if you are able to stop – start – and stop the flow. Advise students to be sure to watch as the dams made by other teams are tested so they can evaluate their designs and see what methods worked best.
- Teams should score the functionality of their dam system using the following points (30 points is the highest score):
Did your dam hold the water back?
– 10 points: yes…no water escaped
– 5 points: some water escaped but less than a liter
– 0 points: dam did not hold
Were you able to release water and then stop it again?
– 10 points: yes
– 0 points: no
Did your team work collaboratively on this project with everyone sharing in the planning and construction?
– 10 points: yes
– 0 points: no
- As a class, discuss the student reflection questions.
- For more content on the topic, see the “Digging Deeper” section.
Optional Extension Activity
Have older or more advanced students explore how hydroelectricity is generated and consider how they might generate power from the release of water in their classroom dams.
Student Reflection (engineering notebook)
- How similar was your original design to the actual dam you built?
- If you found you needed to make changes during the construction phase, describe why your team decided to make revisions.
- If you had a chance to do this project again, what would your team have done differently?
- Do you think you could have achieved the goal of this lesson using fewer parts or pieces of material than you did?
- Do you think that this activity was more rewarding to do as a team, or would you have preferred to work alone on it? Why?
- If you could have used one additional material (tape, glue, wood sticks, foil — as examples) which would you choose and why?
- Can you think of any possible negative effects of a new dam on the ecosystem of a region?
Time Modification
The lesson can be done in as little as 1 class period for older students. However, to help students from feeling rushed and to ensure student success (especially for younger students), split the lesson into two periods giving students more time to brainstorm, test ideas and finalize their design. Conduct the testing and debrief in the next class period.
Engineering Design Process
Background Concepts
Dams
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Dams can be formed by people, natural causes, or by animals such as beavers. Dams serve many purposes including storing water to be used later for drinking or irrigation; diverting water from one place to another, such as from a stream to a river; detention to contain sediment or other unwanted materials. Sometimes dams are used to keep water in, and sometimes to keep water out! Some people construct emergency dry dams to keep water out of basements during a heavy rainstorm or flood.
Sometimes when a new dam is created, the people who live in the surrounding area must be displaced. Millions of people have been displaced to make way for the construction of dams around the world. Of course, many more people have benefited from clean water, crops that have enough water, and the power generated from hydroelectric power plants.
Some dams include “fish ladders” so that fish that migrate can still get to their destination. They are constructed to help fish get up-stream over a dam or a natural barrier so they can reach spawning grounds. You can see an example to the right.
Other dams feed water in a controlled flow to hydroelectric power plants. In a simple sense, the way this works is that a dam is built on a river — usually one with a drop in elevation so that water released from the dam uses gravity to support the water flow. At the bottom will be a water intake area that leads to a turbine propeller. The propeller moves when the force of the moving water hits it and a shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces power that is then delivered to homes and businesses via power line. You can read more about hydroelectric power on the Tennessee Valley Authority website (www.tva.gov/Energy/Our-Power-System/Hydroelectric).
Vocabulary
- Criteria: Conditions that the design must satisfy like its overall size, etc.
- Dam: A barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply
- Engineers: Inventors and problem-solvers of the world. Twenty-five major specialties are recognized in engineering (see infographic).
- Engineering Design Process: Process engineers use to solve problems.
- Engineering Habits of Mind (EHM): Six unique ways that engineers think.
- Flow: How a fluid, gas, or electricity moves along steadily and continuously in a current or stream.
- Hydroelectric power plants: Produce power using the flow of water that is then delivered to homes and businesses via power line
- Iteration: Test & redesign is one iteration. Repeat (multiple iterations).
- Prototype: A working model of the solution to be tested.
Dig Deeper
Internet Connections
- Building Big – All About Dams
- GeoGuide: Dams (geoknow.net/pages/dams.html)
- Hydroelectric Power
- Tennessee Valley Authority
Recommended Reading
- Dams (Library of Congress Visual Sourcebooks) (ISBN: 978-0393731392)
- Hoover Dam: An American Adventure (ISBN: 978-0806122830)
- Hydroelectric Power: Power from Moving Water (ISBN: 978-0778729341)
Writing Activity
Write an essay or a paragraph about how dam construction can impact the environment. What are the ethical considerations an engineering team must consider when constructing a dam or any other structure that has an impact on the environment.
Curriculum Alignment
Alignment to Curriculum Frameworks
Note: Lesson plans in this series are aligned to one or more of the following sets of standards:
- U.S. Science Education Standards (http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=4962)
- U.S. Next Generation Science Standards (http://www.nextgenscience.org/)
- International Technology Education Association’s Standards for Technological Literacy (http://www.iteea.org/TAA/PDFs/xstnd.pdf)
- U.S. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (http://www.nctm.org/standards/content.aspx?id=16909)
- U.S. Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (http://www.corestandards.org/Math)
- Computer Science Teachers Association K-12 Computer Science Standards (http://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/K12Standards.html)
National Science Education Standards Grades K-4 (ages 4-9)
CONTENT STANDARD A: Science as Inquiry
As a result of activities, all students should develop
- Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
CONTENT STANDARD B: Physical Science
As a result of the activities, all students should develop an understanding of
- Properties of objects and materials
- Position and motion of objects
CONTENT STANDARD E: Science and Technology
As a result of activities, all students should develop
- Abilities of technological design
- Understanding about science and technology
- Abilities to distinguish between natural objects and objects made by humans
CONTENT STANDARD F: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives
As a result of activities, all students should develop understanding of
- Science and technology in local challenges
CONTENT STANDARD G: History and Nature of Science
As a result of activities, all students should develop understanding of
- Science as a human endeavor
National Science Education Standards Grades 5-8 (ages 10-14)
CONTENT STANDARD A: Science as Inquiry
As a result of activities, all students should develop
- Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
CONTENT STANDARD B: Physical Science
As a result of their activities, all students should develop an understanding of
- Motions and forces
- Transfer of energy
CONTENT STANDARD E: Science and Technology
As a result of activities in grades 5-8, all students should develop- Abilities of technological design
- Understandings about science and technology
National Science Education Standards Grades 5-8 (ages 10-14)
CONTENT STANDARD F: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives
As a result of activities, all students should develop understanding of
- Populations, resources, and environments
- Risks and benefits
- Science and technology in society
CONTENT STANDARD G: History and Nature of Science
As a result of activities, all students should develop understanding of
- Science as a human endeavor
National Science Education Standards Grades 9-12 (ages 14-18)
CONTENT STANDARD A: Science as Inquiry
As a result of activities, all students should develop
- Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
CONTENT STANDARD B: Physical Science
As a result of their activities, all students should develop understanding of
- Motions and forces
- Interactions of energy and matter
CONTENT STANDARD E: Science and Technology
As a result of activities, all students should develop
- Abilities of technological design
CONTENT STANDARD F: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives
As a result of activities, all students should develop understanding of
- Personal and community health
- Natural resources
- Environmental quality
- Natural and human-induced hazards
- Science and technology in local, national, and global challenges
Next Generation Science Standards Grades 2-5 (Ages 8-11)
Engineering Design
Students who demonstrate understanding can:
- 3-5-ETS1-1.Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.
- 3-5-ETS1-2.Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.
- 3-5-ETS1-3.Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model or prototype that can be improved.
Next Generation Science Standards Grades 6-8 (Ages 11-14)
Engineering Design
Students who demonstrate understanding can:
- MS-ETS1-2 Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.
- MS-ETS1-3. Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success.
Next Generation Science Standards Grades 9-12 (Ages 14-18)
Engineering Design
Students who demonstrate understanding can:
- HS-ETS1-2.Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.
Standards for Technological Literacy – All Ages
The Nature of Technology
- Standard 1: Students will develop an understanding of the characteristics and scope of technology.
- Standard 3: Students will develop an understanding of the relationships among technologies and the connections between technology and other fields of study.
Technology and Society
- Standard 4: Students will develop an understanding of the cultural, social, economic, and political effects of technology.
- Standard 5: Students will develop an understanding of the effects of technology on the environment.
Design
- Standard 9: Students will develop an understanding of engineering design.
- Standard 10: Students will develop an understanding of the role of troubleshooting, research and development, invention and innovation, and experimentation in problem solving.
Abilities for a Technological World
- Standard 11: Students will develop abilities to apply the design process.
- Standard 13: Students will develop abilities to assess the impact of products and systems.
The Designed World
- Standard 16: Students will develop an understanding of and be able to select and use energy and power technologies.
- Standard 20: Students will develop an understanding of and be able to select and use construction technologies.
Related Engineering Fields and Degrees
Student Worksheet
Engineering Teamwork and Planning
You are part of a team of engineers given the challenge of building a system to dam up 5 liters of water in a classroom trough. You’ll have lots of materials to use such as cardboard, pvc pipes, tape, foil, plastic wrap, cups, straws, paper clips, wooden dowels, cotton balls, plastic sheets, clothes pins, wire, string, screen, fabric, springs, other readily available materials.
You have a base of gravel at the bottom of the trough which simulated the rocky or sandy bottom of a river bed. You’ll need to not only stop the water, but develop a system so that you can release a little at a time in a controlled way. You’ll need to stop the water, let a little come through, and stop it again.
Research Phase
If internet access if available, explore the forces, materials, loads, and shapes lab at the Building Big – All about Dams website and have them consider that they learn before developing their dam design. (www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/lab)
Planning and Design Phase
Think about the different ways you can use the materials provided to stop the water flow. Also, consider what mechanism you might create that would allow a little water to come through when you want it to. On a separate piece of paper, draw a diagram of your planned dam. In the box below make a list of the parts you think you might need. You can adjust this later and also add more materials during construction.
Material Needed:
Construction Phase
Build your dam in your water trough or plastic flower box. You can test it with a little water before the full 5 liters are poured in by your teacher. Make any adjustments during construction that you like, including asking for additional materials you might need. You can also trade materials with other teams if they have extra items you need.
Classroom Testing
Your teacher will test each of the dams created in your class. They will look to see if any water escapes through the dam and also if you are able to stop – start – and stop the flow. Be sure to watch as the dams made by other teams are tested so you can evaluate their designs and see what methods worked best. Complete the chart below showing your results — 30 points is the highest score.
Engineer a Dam Scoring 1. Did your dam hold the water back?
10 points: yes…no water escaped
5 points: some water escaped but less than a liter
0 points: dam did not hold
2. Were you able to release water and then stop it again?
10 points: yes
0 points: no
3. Did your team work collaboratively on this project with everyone sharing in the planning and construction?
10 points: yes
0 points: no
Total Score: ___________________
Evaluation
Complete the evaluation questions below:
1) How similar was your original design to the actual dam you built?
2) If you found you needed to make changes during the construction phase, describe why your team decided to make revisions.
3) If you had a chance to do this project again, what would your team have done differently?
4) Do you think you could have achieved the goal of this lesson using fewer parts or pieces of material than you did?
5) Do you think that this activity was more rewarding to do as a team, or would you have preferred to work alone on it? Why?
6) If you could have used one additional material (tape, glue, wood sticks, foil — as examples) which would you choose and why?
7) Can you think of any possible negative effects of a new dam on the ecosystem of a region?
Translations
- Arabic (pdf)
- Portuguese (pdf)
- Spanish (pdf)
- Swahili
Industrial Engineering
Computer Engineering