Mapangidwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zida
Phunziroli likuyang'ana pakupanga zida zosinthira kapena zothandizira, monga zida zopangira, ma wheelchair, magalasi amaso, mipiringidzo yolumikizira, zothandizira kumva, kukweza, ma brace, ndi zina zambiri. Ophunzira amagwira ntchito m'magulu kuti apange chida chosinthira kapena chida chatsopano chipangizo chomwe chimathetsa vuto linalake.
- Dziwani zambiri zamakono.
- Dziwani zambiri zamomwe zosintha zamakono zimakhudzira tsiku ndi tsiku.
- Dziwani zambiri zamgwirizano wothandizirana komanso njira yothetsera mavuto oyambitsa / kupanga.
Zaka Zakubadwa: 8-18
Zida Zopangira (Timu iliyonse)
Zida Zofunika
- Magalasi amaso awiri kapena magalasi a magalasi (akale kapena otsika mtengo)
- Zida Zokonzera Magalasi (kuphatikizapo mini screwdriver, zomangira zomangira, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka galasi lokulitsa)
Cholinga Chopanga
Ndinu gulu la akatswiri omwe amapatsidwa zovuta kuti muphunzire zamagetsi zamagetsi. Choyamba mupasula ndikumanganso magalasi amaso kapena magalasi kuti mumvetsetse bwino za kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake. Kenako, mupanga kusintha kwa chida chosinthika kapena kapangidwe kachipangizo chatsopano kuti athetse vuto lomwe anthu (kapena nyama) akukumana nalo ndikulipereka m'kalasi.
Zotsatira
- Gwirani ntchito limodzi kuti muwone zovuta zomwe mapangidwe anu angakuthandizeni kuti muchepetse.
- Onetsani zojambula zanu m'kalasi:
- Fotokozani momwe chida chanu chimagwirira ntchito, mwaukadaulo, m'mawu… onjezerani zida zomwe mukuganiza kuti zingapangidwenso ndi zomwe mukuganiza kuti malonda atha kubweza.
- Onetsani chithunzi cha kapangidwe kanu komaliza, kapena momwe akugwiritsidwira ntchito.
- Fotokozani momwe gulu lanu limakhulupirira kuti akatswiri asintha dziko lapansi.
Zovuta
Gwiritsani ntchito zida zokha zomwe zaperekedwa.
- Gawani magulu m'magulu a 3-4.
- Perekani pepala lokuthandizani la Adaptive Device Design, komanso mapepala ena ojambula.
- Kambiranani mitu yomwe ili mu Gawo la Background Concepts. Lingalirani kufunsa ophunzira kuti chida chosinthira ndi chiyani.
- Onaninso Njira Zomangamanga, Zoyeserera Zoyeserera, Zolinga, Zovuta ndi Zipangizo.
- Gawani gulu lililonse ndi zida zawo.
- Fotokozani kuti ophunzira azimaliza ntchito pamapepala ophunzirira.
- Funsani ophunzira kuti amalize mapepala oyamba ophunzira pokambirana zomwe zawonetsedwa papepalapo, kuti muwone ngati chinthucho ndi chida chosinthira komanso zomwe mainjiniya anali.
- Funsani ophunzira kuti amalize fomu yachiwiri pomasula ndi kubweretsanso magalasi akale kapena magalasi kuti awunikire zinthuzo ndi kapangidwe kake.
- Funsani ophunzira kuti amalize fomu yachitatu pogwirira ntchito limodzi kuti apange zida zosinthira zomwe zilipo kale kapena kuti apange chida chatsopano chomwe chingathetsere anthu (kapena nyama). Ayenera:
- Dziwani zovuta zomwe zida zawo zingathandize kuchepetsa (mwachitsanzo, galu yemwe wachitidwapo opaleshoni yam'mbuyo amafunikiranso kuti ayende).
- Sewerani chida chatsopano chosinthira kapena chida chabwino.
- Onetsani malingaliro awo mkalasi m'njira zitatu:
- Fotokozani momwe chida chawo chimagwirira ntchito, mwaukadaulo, m'mawu… onjezerani zida zomwe akuganiza kuti zingapangidwenso ndi zomwe akuganiza kuti malonda atha kubweza.
- Onetsani chithunzi cha kapangidwe kake komaliza, kapena momwe akugwiritsidwira ntchito.
- Fotokozani momwe gululi limakhulupirira kuti mainjiniya asintha dziko lapansi.
- Monga kalasi, kambiranani mafunso owunikira ophunzirawo.
- Kuti mumve zambiri pamutuwu, onani gawo la "Kukumba Kwambiri".
Chiwonetsero cha Ophunzira (notebook yaukadaulo)
Gawo 1 - Kusokoneza:
- Kodi mwapeza ziwalo zingati?
- Ndi mitundu iti yazida (mapulasitiki, zitsulo, magalasi) omwe anali gawo lamagalasi omaliza?
- Mukadapangiranso magalasi awa kuti akhale otetezeka, kodi mungasinthe mawonekedwe azigawo zilizonse? Chifukwa chiyani? Kulekeranji?
- Mukadapangiranso magalasi awa kuti akhale otetezeka, kodi mungasinthe zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chilichonse? Chifukwa chiyani? Kulekeranji?
- Kodi chovuta kwambiri ndi chiyani pokonzanso? Chifukwa chiyani?
Gawo 2 - Konzanso
- Kodi mukuganiza kuti msonkhano ungayendetsedwe mosavuta ndimakina? Chifukwa chiyani? Kulekeranji?
- Kodi mukuganiza kuti zingakhale zovuta bwanji kuti munthu yemwe ali ndi nyamakazi m'manja mwake agwirizanenso magalasi ake?
Kusintha Kwa Nthawi
Phunziroli limatha kuchitika munthawi yocheperako 1 ya ophunzira okalamba. Komabe, kuthandiza ophunzira kuti azimva kuti akuthamangitsidwa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ophunzira akuchita bwino (makamaka kwa ana achichepere), gawani phunzirolo magawo awiri ndikupatsa ophunzira nthawi yambiri yolingalira, kuyesa malingaliro ndikumaliza kapangidwe kake. Chitani mayeso ndi mafupipafupi m'kalasi lotsatira.
Ndani Akufuna Zipangizo Zosintha?
Zipangizo zosinthira kapena zothandizira zimapangidwa kuti zithandizire anthu omwe ali ndi zolemala zosiyanasiyana kuti athe kukhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Akuti anthu aku America okwana 54 miliyoni ali ndi zilema. Monga momwe US Survey of Income and Participation ya US ikufotokozera, anthu azaka 15 kapena kupitilira apo adadziwika kuti ali ndi chilema ngati angakwaniritse izi:
- Ndinkayenda pa njinga ya olumala, ndodo, ndodo, kapena poyenda
- Zinali zovuta kuchita chimodzi kapena zingapo zochitika zina (kuwona, kumva, kuyankhula, kukweza / kunyamula, kugwiritsa ntchito masitepe, kuyenda, kapena kugwira zinthu zazing'ono)
- Zinali zovuta ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo zochita pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. (ADLs imaphatikizapo kuyendayenda mkati mwa nyumba, kukwera kapena kutsika pabedi kapena mpando, kusamba, kuvala, kudya, ndi chimbudzi.)
- Zinali zovuta ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo zothandiza m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. (Ma IADL amaphatikizapo kupita kunja kwa nyumba, kusunga ndalama ndi ngongole, kukonza chakudya, kugwira ntchito zapakhomo zochepa, kumwa mankhwala oyenera munthawi yoyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito foni.)
- Anali ndi vuto limodzi kapena angapo (kulephera kuphunzira, kufooka kwamaganizidwe kapena chilema china chokula, matenda a Alzheimer's, kapena mtundu wina wamisala kapena wamisala)
- Anali ndi vuto lamisala / malingaliro lomwe linasokoneza kwambiri zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku
- Anali ndi vuto lomwe limalepheretsa kugwira ntchito zapakhomo
- Ngati ali ndi zaka 16 mpaka 67, anali ndi vuto lomwe limapangitsa kuti zizivuta kugwira ntchito kapena bizinesi
- Adalandira maubwino aku US potengera kulephera kugwira ntchito
Malinga ndi ziwerengero zaposachedwa ku United States:
- 25 miliyoni anali ndi vuto kuyenda mtunda wa kilomita imodzi kapena kukwera masitepe 10, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma ambulansi, monga olumala (2.2 miliyoni) kapena ndodo, ndodo kapena woyenda (6.4 miliyoni).
- Pafupifupi 18 miliyoni anali ndi vuto lokweza ndi kunyamula thumba la mapaundi 10 la zogula kapena kugwira zinthu zing'onozing'ono.
- Pafupifupi 14.3 miliyoni anali ndi vuto la m'maganizo, kuphatikiza 1.9 miliyoni ndi matenda a Alzheimer's, senility kapena dementia; ndi 3.5 miliyoni omwe ali ndi vuto la kuphunzira.
- Pafupifupi 8.0 miliyoni anali ndi vuto lakumva zomwe zimanenedwa pokambirana ndi munthu wina (ngakhale atavala zothandizira kumva).
- Pafupifupi 7.7 miliyoni anali ndi vuto lowona mawu ndi zilembo m'manyuzipepala wamba (ngakhale ndi magalasi); mwa awa, 1.8 miliyoni sanathe kuwona mawu ndi zilembo m'manyuzipepala wamba.
Malingaliro Opangira Ma Wheelchair
Mbiri Yama Wheelchair
Miphika yaku Greek kuyambira 530 BC ikuwonetsa mawilo ophatikizidwa ndi mipando. Ndipo, mu 535 AD cholembedwa chikuwonetsa njinga ya olumala, ndipo King Phillip II waku Spain anali ndi njinga ya olumala mu 1595 - chifukwa chake kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito matayala kuti muchepetse kuyenda kumayambira kutali.
Chatsopano ndi chiyani?
Posachedwa, zida monga titaniyamu zagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kulemera ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa ma wheelchair. Ndipo, popeza masewera olumala amatchuka, mainjiniya amayenera kupanga zina zowonjezera ndi kuthekera mu ma wheelchair kuti akwaniritse zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amadalira mpando kuti ayende mwachangu komanso molondola.
Zofunika / Design Tradeoffs
Akatswiri amayenera kuyerekeza mosiyanasiyana popanga chikuku. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwa kuti titaniyamu ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri potengera mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi - koma ndichinthu chodula kwambiri. Kumbali inayi, mpweya wa kaboni ndi wotsika mtengo komanso wolimba. Makasitomala osiyanasiyana amatha kusankha zida zosiyanasiyana. Akatswiri angayesetse kupanga chikuku chopepuka kwambiri - mpando wopepuka ungachepetse kuchuluka kwa kuvulala pamanja chifukwa kasitomala amakhala ndi mpando wopepuka woyendetsa. Ndipo, mainjiniya angaganizire mtundu wamatayala omwe amamveka bwino pa chikuku. Komanso mabraking system ndi ofunikira - ndizosavuta bwanji kuti munthu amene amachepetsa kuyenda agwiritse ntchito mabuleki? Ndi mtundu wanji wamagalimoto omwe angagwire bwino ntchito pampando wamagalimoto - othamanga bwanji? Kodi kapangidwe ka njinga ya olumala kadzakwanira pamakwerero olowera olumala? Akatswiri amayenera kukonzanso njinga ya olumala kuti agwiritse ntchito ana omwe atha kukhala ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana komanso kutha mabuleki kuposa achikulire. Ndipo, mtengo umaganiziridwa nthawi zonse - ngati mainjiniya apanga chikuku chabwino kwambiri, koma zimawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa zomwe anthu ambiri angakwanitse, malonda ake adzalephera.
Research
Popanga mapangidwe atsopano, mainjiniya amathanso kupanga kafukufuku wosuta kuti adziwe mtundu wa mipando yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri, yosavuta kuyendetsa, yosavuta kuswa. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku amachitika kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe kasitomala amagwiritsira ntchito kusuntha mpando, monga chisonyezero cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mpando kupita patsogolo. Ena mwa ma wheelchair oyenda amayenda mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti kuyesa kuwonongeka kumachitika kuti adziwe momwe mpandoyo ungatetezere kasitomala pakagwa ngozi.
- Chida chosinthira kapena chothandizira: Chapangidwa kuti chithandizire anthu olumala osiyanasiyana kuti azitha kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi komanso wodziyimira pawokha.
- Zolepheretsa: Zoperewera ndi zinthu, nthawi, kukula kwa gulu, ndi zina.
- Zofunika: Zoyenera kuti mapangidwewo akwaniritse monga kukula kwake konse, ndi zina.
- Phasula: Chotsa kanthu.
- Mainjiniya: Oyambitsa ndi othetsa mavuto padziko lonse lapansi. Zapadera zazikulu makumi awiri ndi zisanu zimadziwika mu engineering (onani infographic).
- Njira Yopangira Umisiri: Akatswiri opanga ma process amagwiritsa ntchito kuthetsa mavuto.
- Engineering Habits of Mind (EHM): Njira zisanu ndi imodzi zapadera zomwe mainjiniya amaganizira.
- Kubwereza: Kuyesa & kukonzanso ndikubwereza kamodzi. Bwerezani (kubwerezabwereza kangapo).
- Prosthetic Chipangizo: Chipangizo chopangidwa kuti chilowe m'malo mwa gawo lomwe lasowa kapena kuti chiwalo chamthupi chizigwira ntchito bwino.
- Prototype: Njira yogwiritsira ntchito yankho lomwe liyenera kuyesedwa.
- Kumanganso: Kugwirizanitsa mbali za chinthu.
Kugwirizana kwa intaneti
Kulimbikitsidwa Kuwerenga
- Kapangidwe ka Zinthu Za Tsiku Lililonse wolemba Donald A. Norman (ISBN: 978-0465050659)
- Kupanga Kwazinthu Ndi Kukula Kwake ndi Ulrich Eppinger (ISBN: 978-9352601851)
Ntchito Yolemba
Lembani nkhani kapena ndime yofotokozera kuti ndi chida chiti chomwe mukuganiza kuti chakhudza kwambiri dziko lapansi. Perekani zambiri zothandizira, ndipo perekani malingaliro othandizira kupititsa patsogolo chipangizochi.
Kugwirizanitsa ndi Mapulani a Maphunziro
Chidziwitso: Mapulani Onse Amaphunziro munkhanizi alumikizidwa ku US Miyezo ya National Science Education (yopangidwa ndi Bungwe La National Research Council ndipo kuvomerezedwa ndi National Science Teachers Association), ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, ku International Technology Education Association's Standards for Technological Literacy ndi National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 'Principles and Standards for School Mathematics.
Miyezo ya National Science Education Maphunziro K-4 (zaka 4-9)
ZOKHUDZITSIDWA E: Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo
Chifukwa cha zochitika mgiredi 5-8, ophunzira onse ayenera kukula
- Luso pakupanga kwamatekinoloje
- Kumvetsetsa za sayansi ndi ukadaulo
MUTU WACHIKHALIDWE F: Sayansi muzochita Zanu ndi Zachitukuko
Chifukwa cha zochitika, ophunzira onse ayenera kukulitsa kumvetsetsa
- Zowopsa ndi maubwino
- Sayansi ndi ukadaulo pagulu
ZOKHUDZA ZOCHITIKA G: Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe cha Sayansi
Chifukwa cha zochitika, ophunzira onse ayenera kukulitsa kumvetsetsa
- Sayansi monga ntchito yaumunthu
Miyezo ya National Science Education Maphunziro 5-8 (zaka 10-14)
ZOKHUDZITSIDWA E: Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo
Chifukwa cha zochitika mgiredi 5-8, ophunzira onse ayenera kukula
- Luso pakupanga kwamatekinoloje
- Kumvetsetsa za sayansi ndi ukadaulo
MUTU WACHIKHALIDWE F: Sayansi muzochita Zanu ndi Zachitukuko
Chifukwa cha zochitika, ophunzira onse ayenera kukulitsa kumvetsetsa
- Thanzi lanu
- Zowopsa ndi maubwino
- Sayansi ndi ukadaulo pagulu
ZOKHUDZA ZOCHITIKA G: Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe cha Sayansi
Chifukwa cha zochitika, ophunzira onse ayenera kukulitsa kumvetsetsa
- Chikhalidwe cha sayansi
- Mbiri ya sayansi
Miyezo ya National Science Education Maphunziro 9-12 (zaka 14-18)
ZOKHUDZITSIDWA E: Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo
Chifukwa cha zochitika, ophunzira onse ayenera kukhala otukuka
- Luso pakupanga kwamatekinoloje
- Kumvetsetsa za sayansi ndi ukadaulo
MUTU WACHIKHALIDWE F: Sayansi muzochita Zanu ndi Zachitukuko
Chifukwa cha zochitika, ophunzira onse ayenera kukulitsa kumvetsetsa
- Zaumoyo waumwini komanso mdera
- Sayansi ndi ukadaulo pamavuto am'deralo, mayiko, komanso padziko lonse lapansi
ZOKHUDZA ZOCHITIKA G: Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe cha Sayansi
Chifukwa cha zochitika, ophunzira onse ayenera kukulitsa kumvetsetsa
- Zochitika zakale
Miyezo Yaphunziro Lamaumisiri - Mibadwo Yonse
Chikhalidwe Chaumisiri
- Standard 1: Ophunzira apanga kumvetsetsa kwamachitidwe ndi ukadaulo waukadaulo.
- Standard 3: Ophunzira amvetsetsa za ubale pakati pa matekinoloje komanso kulumikizana pakati pa ukadaulo ndi magawo ena ophunzira.
Technology ndi Society
- Standard 4: Ophunzira amvetsetsa za chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, zachuma, komanso ndale paukadaulo.
- Standard 6: Ophunzira amvetsetsa za gawo lomwe gulu limakhala nalo pakupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo.
- Standard 7: Ophunzira amvetsetsa zamphamvu zaukadaulo m'mbiri.
Design
- Standard 10: Ophunzira amvetsetsa za kuthana ndi mavuto, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, zopanga ndi luso, ndikuyesa kuthetsa mavuto.
Zotheka Padziko Lapamwamba
- Standard 13: Ophunzira apanga maluso owunikira momwe zinthu ndi machitidwe amakhudzira.
Dziko Lokonzedwa
- Standard 17: Ophunzira apanga kumvetsetsa ndikutha kusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje azidziwitso ndi kulumikizana.
Engineering Engineering
Udaulo wa PakompyutaMonga gulu, lembani fomu yotsatirayi, kuwonetsa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zili pansipa zomwe zingawoneke ngati "zida zosinthira."
| mankhwala | Zosintha? Inde kapena Ayi | Chifukwa kapena Bwanji? | Kodi Cholinga Cha Amisiri Chinali Chiyani? |
| Magalasi | |||
| nsanja | |||
| Baby Stroller |
|||
| Penyani kuti Imayankhula Nthawi |
|||
| Walker | |||
| Zomverera | |||
| Taya |
Chigawo Chachigawo
Khwerero 1: Monga gulu, sungani magalasi akale akale, osagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena magalasi, pogwiritsa ntchito chida chokonzekera magalasi chomwe mwapatsidwa.
Mafunso:
- Kodi mwapeza ziwalo zingati?
- Ndi mitundu iti yazida (mapulasitiki, zitsulo, magalasi) omwe anali gawo lamagalasi omaliza?
- Mukadapangiranso magalasi awa kuti akhale otetezeka, kodi mungasinthe mawonekedwe azigawo zilizonse? Chifukwa chiyani? Kulekeranji?
- Mukadapangiranso magalasi awa kuti akhale otetezeka, kodi mungasinthe zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chilichonse? Chifukwa chiyani? Kulekeranji?
Khwerero 2: Sonkhanitsani magalasi.
Mafunso:
- Kodi chovuta kwambiri ndi chiyani pokonzanso? Chifukwa chiyani?
- Kodi mukuganiza kuti msonkhano ungayendetsedwe mosavuta ndimakina? Chifukwa chiyani? Kulekeranji?
- Kodi mukuganiza kuti zingakhale zovuta bwanji kuti munthu yemwe ali ndi nyamakazi m'manja mwake agwirizanenso magalasi ake?
Kuyambira kale, mainjiniya adathetsa mavuto ndikupanga zinthu ndi makina othandizira anthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe amisiri opanga, cholinga ndikupanga zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wosavuta, wathanzi, komanso wodziyimira pawokha kwa omwe akukumana ndi zovuta. Otsatirawa ndi mndandanda wafupipafupi wazida zambiri zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zithandizire anthu ndi nyama:
- ma wheelchairs
- oyenda
- magalasi
- zida zokongoletsera zamaluwa
- zothandizira kumva
- mipando yosinthira bwato
- m'malo m'malo
- miyendo yokumba
- ma skis osinthika amadzi
- zothandizira
- mipiringidzo yachitetezo chamatope
- zida zogwiritsira ntchito zolimbitsa thupi
- mipando shawa
- zida zotsegulira mtsuko
- zapaderazi kompyuta mbewa
- kugona chigoba cha matenda obanika kutulo
- makalabu osinthira
- magudumu oyendetsa
- njinga zamagetsi zosinthira
- kukweza mahatchi
- ndodo
- akusewera makhadi
- zoyala
- zokulitsa zowunikira
- magetsi osintha kwambiri
- zisangalalo zosewerera makanema
Ndinu Gulu Loyang'anira!
Chovuta chanu ndikugwira ntchito limodzi kuti musinthe zinthu zomwe zilipo kale kapena mupeze china chatsopano chomwe chingathetsere vuto lomwe anthu ena (kapena nyama) amakumana nalo.
Nenani Mavutowo:
- Dziwani zovuta zomwe malonda anu angakuthandizeni kuti muchepetse (mwachitsanzo, galu yemwe wachitidwapo opaleshoni yam'mbuyo amafunikiranso kuti ayende).
- Monga gulu, pangani pepala chinthu chatsopano kapena pangani kusintha kwa chinthu chomwe chilipo chomwe chikukwaniritsa zosowa za munthu / chiweto.
- Perekani malingaliro anu mkalasi m'njira zitatu:
- fotokozani momwe malonda anu amagwirira ntchito, mwaukadaulo, m'mawu… onjezerani zida zomwe mukuganiza kuti zingapangidwenso, ndi zomwe mukuganiza kuti malonda atha kulipira.
- jambulani chithunzi cha chinthu chomaliza, kapena momwe chikugwiritsidwira ntchito.
- fotokozani momwe gulu lanu limakhulupirira kuti akatswiri asintha dziko lapansi.
